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• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Executive Summary

Chapters

• Management Summary
• Research Design & Time Line
• Environment & Native American Culture
• GIS Design
• Archaeological Database
• Archaeological & Environmental Variables
• Model Development & Evaluation
• Model Results & Interpretation
• Project Applications
• Model Enhancements
• Model Implementation
• Landscape Suitability Models
• Summary & Recommendations

Appendices

• Archaeological Predictive Modeling: An Overview
• GIS Standards & Procedures
• Archaeology Field Survey Standards, Procedures & Rationale
• Archaeology Field Survey Results
• Geomorphology Survey Profiles, Sections, & Lists
• Building a Macrophysical Climate Model for the State of Minnesota
• Correspondence of Support for Mn/Model
• Glossary
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• Acknowledgments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

List of Figures

 

Figure 2.1a       Phase 1: Basic Data Accumulation and Model Development

Figure 2.1b       Phase 2: Model Enhancement

Figure 2.1c       Phase 3: Model Refinement and Final Implementation

Figure 2.2         Archaeological Resource Regions, MnDOT District Boundaries, and MnSAS Survey Areas

Figure 2.3         Mn/Model Project Schedule

Figure 2.4         Mn/Model Deliverable Schedule

 

Figure 3.1         Positions of Minnesota’s Biotic Provinces in the Past

Figure 3.2         Position of Glacial Ice in Minnesota at the End of the Pleistocene

Figure 3.3         Major Glacial Lake Beds in Minnesota

Figure 3.4         Distribution of Spruce Parkland and Tundra in Late Glacial Minnesota

Figure 3.5         Spread of Pine in Early Holocene Minnesota

Figure 3.6         Position of the Shifting Prairie/Forest Border During the Hypsithermal

Figure 3.7         Correlation of Bison Bone Finds and the Maximum Extent of Grasslands in the Hypsithermal

Figure 3.8         Distribution of Minnesota’s Biotic Provinces Before the Spread of the Big Woods

Figure 3.9         Physiographic Areas of Minnesota

Figure 3.10       Archaeological Resource Regions

Figure 3.11       Ecological Classification System Provinces and Subsections

 

Figure 4.1         Data Confidence Model

Figure 4.2         Minnesota USGS DEM Data Status

Figure 4.3         Distribution of Known Archaeological Sites

Figure 4.4         Distribution of Negative Survey Points

Figure 4.5         Archaeological Resource Regions Modeled in Phase 1 Utilizing County Data

Figure 4.6         Archaeological Resource Regions and Subsections Modeled in Phase 2

Figure 4.7         Ecological Classification System Subsection Modeled in Phase 3

 

Figure 6.1         Soil Data Availability

Figure 6.2         Trygg Map Counties

Figure 6.3         Hypothesized Pattern of Climate Oscillation

Figure 6.4         Modeling Method Comparison: Spline and Trend Interpolation

Figure 6.5         Modeling Method Comparison: IDW Interpolation and Spline Interpolation

Figure 6.6         Modeling Method Comparison: Spline Interpolation with Stations Added

Figure 6.7a       Models of Precipitation in Minnesota, 600-9000 B.P., as Compared to the Present

Figure 6.7b       Models of Temperature in Minnesota, 600-9000 B.P., as Compared to the Present

Figure 6.8         Average Annual Precipitation: 9000 B.P. to Present

Figure 6.9         Average Summer Precipitation: 9000 B.P. to Present

Figure 6.10       Average Winter Precipitation: 9000 B.P. to Present

Figure 6.11       Average Annual Temperature: 9000 B.P. to Present

Figure 6.12       Average Summer Temperature: 9000 B.P. to Present

Figure 6.13       Average Winter Temperature: 9000 B.P. to Present

Figure 6.14       Location of Pollen Cores (Birch), 9000 B.P. to Present

Figure 6.15       Spruce Pollen

Figure 6.16       Sage Pollen

Figure 6.17       Ragweed Pollen

Figure 6.18       Oak Pollen

Figure 6.19       Pine Pollen

Figure 6.20       Birch Pollen

Figure 6.21       Sedge Pollen

Figure 6.22a     Pollen Count Difference for Spruce, Oak, Pine

Figure 6.22b     Pollen Count Difference for Ragweed, Sage, Birch

Figure 6.22c     Pollen Count Difference Sedge, Summary of All Pollen Types

Figure 6.23       River Valley Landform Areas

 

Figure 7.1         Nicollet County: Best Phase 1 Model

Figure 7.2         Cass County: Best Phase 1 Model

Figure 7.3         Stability Model

 

Figure 8.1         ECS Subsection Combinations for Modeling

Figure 8.2         Subsection Organization for Model Comparison and Interpretation

Figure 8.3a       Average Horizontal and Vertical Distances of Variables Plotted by Subsection, Overlain by 2.5 and 10 Km Catchment Zones

Figure 8.3b       Average Horizontal and Vertical Distances of Variables Plotted by Subsection, Overlain by 2.5 and 10 Km Catchment Zones

Figure 8.4         Phase 2 Site Probability Model Excluding Single Artifacts

Figure 8.5         Phase 3 Site Probability Model

Figure 8.6         Phase 3 Survey Probability Model

Figure 8.7         Phase 3 Survey Implementation Model

Figure 8.8         Phase 3 Site Probability Model Developed from Statewide Database

 

Agassiz Lowlands Subsection

Figure 8.7.1.a   Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology 1

Figure 8.7.1.b   Historic Vegetation 1

Figure 8.7.2.a   Generalized Quaternary Geology 3

Figure 8.7.2.b   Generalized Soils 3

Figure 8.7.3      Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_lvaa

Figure 8.7.4.a   Model Variables 1 - Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.7.4.b   Model Variables 1 - Surface Roughness

Figure 8.7.5.a   Model Variables 2 - Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.7.5.b   Model Variables 2 - Vegetation Diversity

Figure 8.7.6      Model for Surveyed Places - V_lvaa

Figure 8.7.7      Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.7.8.a   Histogram: Distance to Nearest Major Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.7.8.b   Histogram: Distance to Nearest Minor Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.7.8.c   Histogram: Elevation

Figure 8.7.8.d   Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.7.9.a   Histogram: Size of Major Watershed

Figure 8.7.9.b   Histogram: Size of Minor Watershed

Figure 8.7.9.c   Histogram: Surface Roughness

Figure 8.7.9.d   Histogram: Direction to Nearest Water or Wetland (sine)

Figure 8.7.10.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Wetland

Figure 8.7.10.b Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.7.10.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Perennial River or Stream

Figure 8.7.10.d Histogram: Distance to Nearest Confluence Between Perennial or Intermittent Streams and Large Rivers

Figure 8.7.11.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Intermittent Stream

Figure 8.7.11.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.7.11.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Wetland Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.7.11.d Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil, or Stream

Figure 8.7.12.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.7.12.b Histogram: Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.7.12.c Histogram: Distance to Aspen-Birch

Figure 8.7.12.d Histogram: Distance to Conifers

Figure 8.7.13.a Histogram: Distance to Hardwoods

Figure 8.7.13.b Histogram: Distance to Mixed Hardwoods and Pine

Figure 8.7.13.c Histogram: Distance to Oak Woodland

Figure 8.7.13.d Histogram: Distance to Pine Barrens or Flats

Figure 8.7.14.a Histogram: Distance to River Bottom Forest

Figure 8.7.14.b Histogram: Vegetation Diversity Within 1 km

Figure 8.7.14.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Area of Organic Soils

Figure 8.7.14.d Histogram: Distance to Glacial Lake Sediment

 

Anoka Sand Plain

Figure 8.8.1.a   Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.8.1.b   Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.8.2.a   Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.8.2.b   Generalized Soils

Figure 8.8.3      Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_1_3

Figure 8.8.4.a   Model Variables 1 - Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.8.4.b   Model Variables 1 - Distribution of Paper Birch

Figure 8.8.5      Model for Surveyed Places -V_1_3

Figure 8.8.6      Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.8.7.a   Histogram: Distance to Nearest Major Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.8.7.b   Histogram: Elevation

Figure 8.8.7.c   Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.8.7.d   Histogram: Size of Major Watershed

Figure 8.8.8.a   Histogram: Direction to Nearest Water or Wetland (sine)

Figure 8.8.8.b   Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Wetland

Figure 8.8.8.c   Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Perennial River or Stream

Figure 8.8.8.d   Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil, or Stream

Figure 8.8.9.a   Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Wetland Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.8.9.b   Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.8.9.c   Histogram: Size of Nearest Lake

Figure 8.8.10.a Histogram: Distance to Hardwoods

Figure 8.8.10.b Histogram: Distance to Mixed Hardwoods and Pine

Figure 8.8.10.c Histogram: Distance to Paper Birch

Figure 8.8.10.d Histogram: Distance to Pine Barrens or Flats

Figure 8.8.11.a Histogram: Distance to Glacial Lake Sediment

Figure 8.8.11.b Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Area of Organic Soils

Figure 8.8.11.c Histogram: On River Terraces

 

Aspen Parklands Subsection

Figure 8.9.1.a   Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.9.1.b   Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.9.2.a   Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.9.2.b   Generalized Soils

Figure 8.9.3      Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_hras

Figure 8.9.4.a   Model Variables 1 - Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.9.4.b   Model Variables 1 - Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.9.5.a   Model Variables 2 - Vegetation Diversity

Figure 8.9.5.b   Model Variables 2 – Distribution of Sugar Maple

Figure 8.9.6      Model for Surveyed Places - V_lvaa

Figure 8.9.7      Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.9.8.a   Histogram: Distance to Nearest Major Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.9.8.b   Histogram: Distance to Nearest Minor Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.9.8.c   Histogram: Elevation

Figure 8.9.8.d   Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.9.9.a   Histogram: Size of Major Watershed

Figure 8.9.9.b   Histogram: Direction to Nearest Water or Wetland (sine)

Figure 8.9.9.c   Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Wetland

Figure 8.9.9.d   Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.9.10.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Perennial River or Stream

Figure 8.9.10.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Intermittent Stream

Figure 8.9.10.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.9.10.d Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil or Stream

Figure 8.9.11.a Histogram: Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.9.11.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Confluence Between Perennial or Intermittent Streams and Large Rivers

Figure 8.9.11.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.9.11.d Histogram: Distance to Big Woods

Figure 8.9.12.a Histogram: Distance to Conifers

Figure 8.9.12.b Histogram: Distance to Hardwoods

Figure 8.9.12.c Histogram: Distance to Pine Barrens or Flats

Figure 8.9.12.d Histogram: Distance to Prairie

Figure 8.9.13.a Histogram: Distance to River Bottom Forest

Figure 8.9.13.b Histogram: Distance to Sugar Maple

Figure 8.9.13.c Histogram: Vegetation Diversity Within 1 km

Figure 8.9.13.d Histogram: Distance to Aspen-Birch

Figure 8.9.14.a Histogram: Distance to Mixed Hardwoods and Pine

Figure 8.9.14.b Histogram: Distance to Oak Woodland

Figure 8.9.14.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Area of Organic Soils

Figure 8.9.14.d Histogram: Distance to Well-Drained Soils

Figure 8.9.15.a Histogram: On River Terraces

Figure 8.9.15.b Histogram: Distance to Glacial Lake Sediment

 

Big Woods

Figure 8.10.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.10.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.10.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.10.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.10.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts – T_1_3

Figure 8.10.4.a Model Variables 1 - Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.10.4.b Model Variables 1 - Slope

Figure 8.10.5.a Model Variables 1 - Surface Roughness

Figure 8.10.5.b Model Variables 2 - Distribution of Sugar Maple

Figure 8.10.6.a Model Variables 3 - Relative Elevation

Figure 8.10.6.b Model Variables 3 - Vertical Distance to Water

Figure 8.10.7    Model for Surveyed Places - V_1_3

Figure 8.10.8    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.10.9.a Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.10.9.b Histogram: Relative Elevation

Figure 8.10.9.c Histogram: Size of Major Watershed

Figure 8.10.9.d Histogram: Slope

Figure 8.10.10.a Histogram: Surface Roughness

Figure 8.10.10.b Histogram: Direction to Nearest Water or Wetland (sine)

Figure 8.10.10.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Wetland

Figure 8.10.10.d Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.10.11.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Perennial River or Stream

Figure 8.10.11.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Wetland Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.10.11.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.10.11.d Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil, or Stream

Figure 8.10.12.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.10.12.b Histogram: Size of Nearest Lake

Figure 8.10.12.c Histogram: Size of Nearest Permanent Lake

Figure 8.10.12.d Histogram: Vertical Distance to Water

Figure 8.10.13.a Histogram: Distance to Aspen-Birch

Figure 8.10.13.b Histogram: Distance to Conifers

Figure 8.10.13.c Histogram: Distance to Hardwoods

Figure 8.10.13.d Histogram: Distance to Prairie

Figure 8.10.14.a Histogram: Distance to River Bottom Forest

Figure 8.10.14.b Histogram: Distance to Sugar Maple

Figure 8.10.14.c Histogram: Distance to Oak Woodland

Figure 8.10.14.d Histogram: On Alluvium

Figure 8.10.15.a Histogram: On River Terraces

 

Blufflands

Figure 8.11.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.11.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.11.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.11.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.11.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_1_3

Figure 8.11.4.a Model Variables 1 - Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.11.4.b Model Variables 1 - Slope

Figure 8.11.5.a Model Variables 2 - Surface Roughness

Figure 8.11.5.b Model Variables 2 - Distribution of Sugar Maple

Figure 8.11.6.a Model Variables 3 - Relative Elevation

Figure 8.11.6.b Model Variables 3 - Vertical Distance to Water

Figure 8.11.7    Model for Surveyed Places - V_1_3

Figure 8.11.8    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.11.9.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Major Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.11.9.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Minor Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.11.9.c Histogram: Elevation

Figure 8.11.9.d Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.11.10.a Histogram: Relative Elevation

Figure 8.11.10.b Histogram: Size of Major Watershed

Figure 8.11.10.c Histogram: Slope

Figure 8.11.10.d Histogram: Surface Roughness

Figure 8.11.11.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Perennial River or Stream

Figure 8.11.11.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil, or Stream

Figure 8.11.11.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Wetland Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.11.11.d Histogram: Vertical Distance to Water

Figure 8.11.12.a Histogram: Distance to Big Woods

Figure 8.11.12.b Histogram: Distance to Brushlands

Figure 8.11.12.c Histogram: Distance to Conifers

Figure 8.11.12.d Histogram: Distance to Hardwoods

Figure 8.11.13.a Histogram: Distance to River Bottom Forest

Figure 8.11.13.b Histogram: Distance to Sugar Maple

Figure 8.11.14.a Histogram: On Alluvium

Figure 8.11.14.b Histogram: Distance to Glacial Lake Sediment

Figure 8.11.14.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Area of Organic Soils

 

Border Lakes Subsection

Figure 8.12.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.12.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.12.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.12.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.12.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_1_3

Figure 8.12.4.a Model Variables 1 - Slope

Figure 8.12.4.b Model Variables 1 - Surface Roughness

Figure 8.12.5.a Model Variables 2 - Distribution of Sugar Maple

Figure 8.12.6.a Model Variables 3 - Vertical Distance to Water

Figure 8.12.6.b Model Variables 3 - Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.12.7    Model for Surveyed Places - V_1_3

Figure 8.12.8    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.12.9.a Histogram: Prevailing Orientation

Figure 8.12.9.b Histogram: Size of Major Watershed

Figure 8.12.9.c Histogram: Size of Minor Watershed

Figure 8.12.9.d Histogram: Slope

Figure 8.12.10.a Histogram: Surface Roughness

Figure 8.12.10.b Histogram: Direction to Nearest Water or Wetland (sine)

Figure 8.12.10.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.12.10.d Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Wetland

Figure 8.12.11.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Swamp

Figure 8.12.11.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.12.11.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil, or Stream

Figure 8.12.11.d Histogram: Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.12.12.a Histogram: Vertical Distance to Water

Figure 8.12.12.b Histogram: Distance to Aspen-Birch

Figure 8.12.12.c Histogram: Distance to Brushlands

Figure 8.12.12.d Histogram: Distance to Hardwoods

Figure 8.12.13.a Histogram: Distance to River Bottom Forest

Figure 8.12.13.b Histogram: Distance to Sugar Maple

Figure 8.12.13.c Histogram: Distance to Well-Drained Soils

 

Chippewa Plains

Figure 8.13.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.13.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.13.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.13.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.13.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_1_3

Figure 8.13.4.a Model Variables 1 - Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.13.4.b Model Variables 1 - Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.13.5.a Model Variables 2 - Surface Roughness

Figure 8.13.5.b Model Variables 2 - Distribution of Paper Birch & Sugar Maple

Figure 8.13.6    Model for Surveyed Places - V_1_3

Figure 8.13.7    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.13.8.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Major Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.13.8.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Minor Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.13.8.c Histogram: Elevation

Figure 8.13.8.d Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.13.9.a Histogram: Surface Roughness

Figure 8.13.9.b Histogram: Direction to Nearest Water or Wetland (sine)

Figure 8.13.9.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.13.9.d Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Wetland

Figure 8.13.10.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Perennial River or Stream

Figure 8.13.10.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Confluence Between Perennial or Intermittent Streams and Large Rivers

Figure 8.13.10.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Intermittent Stream

Figure 8.13.10.d Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.13.11.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil or Stream

Figure 8.13.11.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Wetland Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.13.11.c Histogram: Size of Nearest Lake

Figure 8.13.11.d Histogram: Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.13.12.a Histogram: Distance to Aspen-Birch

Figure 8.13.12.b Histogram: Distance to Conifers

Figure 8.13.12.c Histogram: Distance to Hardwoods

Figure 8.13.12.d Histogram: Distance to Oak Woodland

Figure 8.13.13.a Histogram: Distance to Paper Birch

Figure 8.13.13.b Histogram: Distance to Pine Barrens or Flats

Figure 8.13.13.c Histogram: Distance to Prairie

Figure 8.13.13.d Histogram: Distance to Sugar Maple

Figure 8.13.14.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Area of Organic Soils

Figure 8.13.14.b Histogram: Distance to Well-Drained Soils

 

Coteau Moraines and Inner Coteau Subsections of North Central Glaciated Plains Section

Figure 8.14.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.14.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.14.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.14.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.14.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_1_3

Figure 8.14.4.a Model Variables 1 - Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.14.4.b Model Variables 1 - Vertical Distance to Water

Figure 8.14.5.a Model Variables 2 – Surface Roughness

Figure 8.14.5.b Model Variables 2 - Distribution of Sugar Maple

Figure 8.14.6.a Model Variables 3 - Vegetation Diversity

Figure 8.14.7    Model for Surveyed Places - V_1_3

Figure 8.14.8    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.14.9.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Major Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.14.9.b Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.14.9.c Histogram: Surface Roughness

Figure 8.14.9.d Histogram: Size of Major Watershed

Figure 8.14.10.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.14.10.b Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Perennial River or Stream

Figure 8.14.10.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Intermittent Stream

Figure 8.14.10.d Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.14.11.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil, or Stream

Figure 8.14.11.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.14.11.c Histogram: Size of Nearest Lake

Figure 8.14.11.d Histogram: Size of Nearest Permanent Lake

Figure 8.14.12.a Histogram: Vertical Distance to Water

Figure 8.14.12.b Histogram: Distance to Oak Woodland

Figure 8.14.12.c Histogram: Vegetation Diversity Within 1 km

 

Glacial Lake Superior Plain / North Shore Highlands / Nashwauk Uplands

Figure 8.15.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.15.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.15.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.15.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.15.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_GNLN

Figure 8.15.4.a Model Variables 1 - Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.15.4.b Model Variables 1 - Vegetation Diversity

Figure 8.15.5    Model for Surveyed Places - V_GNLN

Figure 8.15.6    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.15.7.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Minor Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.15.7.b Histogram: Prevailing Orientation

Figure 8.15.7.c Histogram: Size of Major Watershed

Figure 8.15.7.d Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Wetland

Figure 8.15.8.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.15.8.b Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Perennial River or Stream

Figure 8.15.8.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Swamp

Figure 8.15.8.d Histogram: Distance to Nearest Confluence Between Perennial or Intermittent Streams and Large Rivers

Figure 8.15.9.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Intermittent Stream

Figure 8.15.9.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.15.9.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil, or Stream

Figure 8.15.9.d Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Wetland Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.15.10.a Histogram: Size of Nearest Lake

Figure 8.15.10.b Histogram: Size of Nearest Permanent Lake

Figure 8.15.10.c Histogram: Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.15.10.d Histogram: Distance to Aspen-Birch

Figure 8.15.11.a Histogram: Distance to Big Woods

Figure 8.15.11.b Histogram: Distance to Pine Barrens or Flats

Figure 8.15.11.c Histogram: Distance to River Bottom Forest

Figure 8.15.11.d Histogram: Distance to Brushlands

Figure 8.15.12.a Histogram: Distance to Mixed Hardwoods and Pine

Figure 8.15.12.b Histogram: Vegetation Diversity Within 1 km

Figure 8.15.12.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Area of Organic Soils

Figure 8.15.12.d Histogram: Distance to Glacial Lake Sediment

Figure 8.15.13.a Histogram: On River Terraces

 

Hardwood Hills

Figure 8.16.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.16.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.16.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.16.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.16.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_1_3

Figure 8.16.4.a Model Variables 1 – Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.16.4.b Model Variables 1 - Vertical Distance to Permanent

Figure 8.16.5.a Model Variables 2 – Vegetation Diversity

Figure 8.16.5.b Model Variables 2 –Distribution of Sugar Maple

Figure 8.16.6    Model for Surveyed Places - V_1_3

Figure 8.16.7    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.16.8.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Minor Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.16.8.b Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.16.8.c Histogram: Size of Major Watershed

Figure 8.16.8.d Histogram: Size of Minor Watershed

Figure 8.16.9.a Histogram: Direction to Nearest Water or Wetland (sine)

Figure 8.16.9.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.16.9.d Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Perennial River or Stream

Figure 8.16.10.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Intermittent Stream

Figure 8.16.10.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.16.10.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.16.10.d Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Wetland Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.16.11.a Histogram: Size of Nearest Permanent Lake

Figure 8.16.11.b Histogram: Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.16.11.c Histogram: Distance to Big Woods

Figure 8.16.11.d Histogram: Distance to Brushlands

Figure 8.16.12.a Histogram: Distance to Conifers

Figure 8.16.12.b Histogram: Distance to Mixed Hardwoods and Pine

Figure 8.16.12.c Histogram: Distance to Pine Barrens or Flats

Figure 8.16.12.d Histogram: Distance to Prairie

Figure 8.16.13.a Histogram: Distance to River Bottom Forest

Figure 8.16.13.b Histogram: Distance to Sugar Maple

Figure 8.16.13.c Histogram: Vegetation Diversity Within 1 km

Figure 8.16.13.d Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Area of Organic Soils

Figure 8.16.14.a Histogram: Distance to Well-Drained Soils

Figure 8.16.14.b Histogram: On River Terraces

 

Laurentian Highlands

Figure 8.17.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.17.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.17.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.17.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.17.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_1_3

Figure 8.17.4.a Model Variables 1 - Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.17.4.b Model Variables 1 - Slope

Figure 8.17.5.a Model Variables 2 - Distribution of Sugar Maple

Figure 8.17.5.b Model Variables 2 - Vegetation Diversity

Figure 8.17.6.a Model Variables 3 - Relative Elevation

Figure 8.17.6.b Model Variables 3 - Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.17.7    Model for Surveyed Places - V_1_3

Figure 8.17.8    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.17.9.a Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.17.9.b Histogram: Relative Elevation

Figure 8.17.9.c Histogram: Size of Minor Watershed

Figure 8.17.9.d Histogram: Slope

Figure 8.17.10.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Swamp

Figure 8.17.10.b Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Wetland

Figure 8.17.10.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil, or Stream

Figure 8.17.10.d Histogram: Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.17.11.a Histogram: Distance to Conifers

Figure 8.17.11.b Histogram: Distance to Hardwoods

Figure 8.17.11.c Histogram: Distance to River Bottom Forest

Figure 8.17.11.d Histogram: Distance to Sugar Maple

Figure 8.17.12.a Histogram: Vegetation Diversity Within 1 km

Figure 8.17.12.b Histogram: Distance to Glacial Lake Sediment

Figure 8.17.12.c Histogram: Distance to Well-Drained Soils

 

Littlefork-Vermilion Uplands

Figure 8.18.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.18.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.18.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.18.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.18.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_AGLW

Figure 8.18.4.a Model Variables 1 - Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.18.4.b Model Variables 1 - Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.18.5.a Model Variables 2 - Vegetation Diversity

Figure 8.18.6    Model for Surveyed Places - V_LVAA

Figure 8.18.7    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.18.8.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Major Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.18.8.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Minor Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.18.8.c Histogram: Elevation

Figure 8.18.8.d Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.18.9.a Histogram: Size of Major Watershed

Figure 8.18.9.b Histogram: Direction to Nearest Water or Wetland (sine)

Figure 8.18.9.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Wetland

Figure 8.18.9.d Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.18.10.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Perennial River or Stream

Figure 8.18.10.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Confluence Between Perennial or Intermittent Streams and Large Rivers

Figure 8.18.10.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Intermittent Stream

Figure 8.18.10.d Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.18.11.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil, or Stream

Figure 8.18.11.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.18.11.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Wetland Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.18.11.d Histogram: Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.18.12.a Histogram: Distance to Aspen-Birch

Figure 8.18.12.b Histogram: Distance to Conifers

Figure 8.18.12.c Histogram: Distance to Hardwoods

Figure 8.18.12.d Histogram: Distance to Mixed Hardwoods and Pine

Figure 8.18.13.a Histogram: Distance to Oak Woodland

Figure 8.18.13.b Histogram: Distance to Pine Bottom or Flats

Figure 8.18.13.c Histogram: Distance to River Bottom Forest

Figure 8.18.13.d Histogram: Vegetation Diversity Within 1 km

Figure 8.18.14.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Area of Organic Soils

Figure 8.18.14.b Histogram: Distance to Glacial Lake Sediment

Figure 8.18.14.c Histogram: On Alluvium

 

Mille Lacs Uplands

Figure 8.19.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.19.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.19.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.19.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.19.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_1_3

Figure 8.19.4.a Model Variables 1 - Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.19.4.b Model Variables 1 - Slope

Figure 8.19.5.a Model Variables 2 - Surface Roughness

Figure 8.19.5.b Model Variables 2 - Vegetation Diversity

Figure 8.19.6.a Model Variables 3 - Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.19.7    Model for Surveyed Places - V_1_3

Figure 8.19.8    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.19.9.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Minor Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.19.9.b Histogram: Elevation

Figure 9.19.9.c Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.19.9.d Histogram: Slope

Figure 8.19.10.a Histogram: Surface Roughness

Figure 8.19.10.b Histogram: Direction to Nearest Water or Wetland (sine)

Figure 8.19.10.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.19.10.d Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Perennial River or Stream

Figure 8.19.11.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Swamp

Figure 8.19.11.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Confluence Between Perennial or Intermittent Streams and Large Rivers

Figure 8.19.11.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Intermittent Stream

Figure 8.19.11.d Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.19.12.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil, or Stream

Figure 8.19.12.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.19.12.c Histogram: Size of Nearest Lake

Figure 8.19.12.d Histogram: Size of Nearest Permanent Lake

Figure 8.19.13.a Histogram: Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.19.13.b Histogram: Distance to Aspen-Birch

Figure 8.19.13.c Histogram: Distance to Brushlands

Figure 8.19.13.d Histogram: Distance to Hardwoods

Figure 8.19.14.a Histogram: Distance to Mixed Hardwoods and Pine

Figure 8.19.14.b Histogram: Distance to Oak Woodland

Figure 8.19.14.c Histogram: Distance to Pine Barrens or Flats

Figure 8.19.14.d Histogram: Distance to Prairie

Figure 8.19.15.a Histogram: Vegetation Diversity Within 1 km

Figure 8.19.15.b Histogram: Distance to Well-Drained Soils

Figure 8.19.15.c Histogram: On River Terraces

 

Minnesota River Prairie

Figure 8.20.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.20.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.20.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.20.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.20.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_1_3

Figure 8.20.4.a Model Variables 1 – Height Above surroundings

Figure 8.20.4.b Model Variables 1 – Vegetation Diversity

Figure 8.20.5.a Model Variables 2 - Distribution of Paper Birch and Sugar Maple

Figure 8.20.6.a Model Variables 3 - Vertical Distance to Water

Figure 8.20.6.b Model Variables 3 - Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.20.7    Model for Surveyed Places - V_1_3

Figure 8.20.8    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.20.9.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Major Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.20.9.b Histogram: Elevation

Figure 8.20.9.c Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.20.9.d Histogram: Size of Major Watershed

Figure 8.20.10.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.20.10.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil, or Stream

Figure 8.20.10.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Perennial River or Stream

Figure 8.20.10.d Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Swamp

Figure 8.20.11.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Intermittent Stream

Figure 8.20.11.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.20.11.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Confluence Between Perennial or Intermittent Streams and Large Rivers

Figure 8.20.11.d Histogram: Size of Nearest Lake

Figure 8.20.12.a Histogram: Size of Nearest Permanent Lake

Figure 8.20.12.b Histogram: Vertical Distance to Water

Figure 8.20.12.c Histogram: Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.20.12.d Histogram: Distance to Aspen-Birch

Figure 8.20.13.a Histogram: Distance to Brushlands

Figure 8.20.13.b Histogram: Distance to Big Woods

Figure 8.20.13.c Histogram: Distance to Hardwoods

Figure 8.20.13.d Histogram: Distance to Oak Woodland

Figure 8.20.14.a Histogram: Distance to Paper Birch

Figure 8.20.14.b Histogram: Distance to Prairie

Figure 8.20.14.c Histogram: Distance to Sugar Maple

Figure 8.20.14.d Histogram: Vegetation Diversity Within 1 km

Figure 8.20.15.a Histogram: On Alluvium

Figure 8.20.15.b Histogram: On River Terraces

 

Oak Savanna

Figure 8.21.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.21.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.21.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.21.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.21.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_OSTW

Figure 8.21.4.a Model Variables 1 - Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.21.4.b Model Variables 1 - Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.21.5.a Model Variables 2 - Vegetation Diversity

Figure 8.21.5.b Model Variables 2 - Distribution of Paper Birch and Sugar Maple

Figure 8.21.6    Model for Surveyed Places - V_1_3

Figure 8.21.7    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.21.8.a Histogram: Elevation

Figure 8.21.8.b Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.21.8.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.21.8.d Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Perennial River or Stream

Figure 8.21.9.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Intermittent Stream

Figure 8.21.9.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Confluence Between Perennial or Intermittent Streams and Large Rivers

Figure 8.21.9.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil or Stream

Figure 8.21.9.d Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Wetland

Figure 8.21.10.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.21.10.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.21.10.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Wetland Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.21.10.d Histogram: Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.21.11.a Histogram: Distance to Conifers

Figure 8.21.11.b Histogram: Distance to Oak Woodland

Figure 8.21.11.c Histogram: Distance to Paper Birch

Figure 8.21.11.d Histogram: Distance to Prairie

Figure 8.21.12.a Histogram: Distance to River Bottom Forest

Figure 8.21.12.b Histogram: Distance to Sugar Maple

Figure 8.21.12.c Histogram: Vegetation Diversity Within 1 km

Figure 8.21.12.d Histogram: Distance to Bedrock Used for Tools

Figure 8.21.13.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Area of Organic Soils

Figure 8.21.13.b Histogram: Distance to Glacial Lake Sediment

 

Pine Moraines & Outwash Plains

Figure 8.22.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.22.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.22.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.22.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.22.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_1_3

Figure 8.22.4.a Model Variables 1 - Height above Surroundings

Figure 8.22.4.b Model Variables 1 - Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.22.5    Model for Surveyed Places - V_1_3

Figure 8.22.6    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.22.7.a Histogram: Direction to Nearest Water or Wetland (sine)

Figure 8.22.7.b Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.22.7.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Permanent River or Stream

Figure 8.22.7.d Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Swamp

Figure 8.22.8.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Confluence Between Perennial or Intermittent Streams and Large Rivers

Figure 8.22.8.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil, or Stream

Figure 8.22.8.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Wetland Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.22.8.d Histogram: Size of Nearest Permanent Lake

Figure 8.22.9.a Histogram: Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.22.9.b Histogram: Distance to Big Woods

Figure 8.22.9.c Histogram: Distance to Hardwoods

Figure 8.22.9.d Histogram: Distance to Mixed Hardwoods and Pine

Figure 8.22.10.a Histogram: Distance to Oak Woodland

Figure 8.22.10.b Histogram: Distance to Prairie

Figure 8.22.10.c Histogram: Distance to River Bottom Forest

Figure 8.22.11.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Minor Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.22.11.b Histogram: Elevation

Figure 8.22.11.c Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.22.11.d Histogram: Size of Major Watershed

 

Red River Prairie

Figure 8.23.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.23.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.23.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.23.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.23.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_1_3

Figure 8.23.4.a Model Variables 1 - Height above Surroundings

Figure 8.23.4.b Model Variables 1 - Slope

Figure 8.23.5.a Model Variables 2 - Surface Roughness

Figure 8.23.5.b Model Variables 2 - Distribution of Sugar Maple

Figure 8.23.6.a Model Variables 3 - Relative Elevation

Figure 8.23.7    Model for Surveyed Places - V_1_3

Figure 8.23.8    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.23.9.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Major Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.23.9.b Histogram: Elevation

Figure 8.23.9.c Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.23.9.d Histogram: Relative Elevation

Figure 8.23.10.a Histogram: Size of Major Watershed

Figure 8.23.10.b Histogram: Slope

Figure 8.23.10.c Histogram: Surface Roughness

Figure 8.23.10.d Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Wetland

Figure 8.23.11.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Perennial River or Stream

Figure 8.23.11.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.23.11.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil, or Stream

Figure 8.23.11.d Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.23.12.a Histogram: Distance to Aspen-Birch

Figure 8.23.12.b Histogram: Distance to Brushlands

Figure 8.23.12.c Histogram: Distance to Oak Woodland

Figure 8.23.12.d Histogram: Distance to Prairie

Figure 8.23.13.a Histogram: Distance to Sugar Maple

Figure 8.23.13.b Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Area of Organic Soils

Figure 8.23.13.c Histogram: Distance to Glacial Lake Sediment

Figure 8.23.13.d Histogram: Distance to Well-Drained Soils

Figure 8.23.14.a Histogram: On Alluvium

Figure 8.23.14.b Histogram: On River Terraces

 

Rochester Plateau

Figure 8.24.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.24.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.24.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.24.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.24.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_BLPL

Figure 8.24.4.a Model Variables 1 - Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.24.4.b Model Variables 1 - Slope

Figure 8.24.5.a Model Variables 1 - Distribution of Paper Birch

Figure 8.24.6    Model for Surveyed Places - V_BLPL

Figure 8.24.7    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.24.8.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Major Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.24.8.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Minor Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.24.8.c Histogram: Elevation

Figure 8.24.8.d Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.24.9.a Histogram: Size of Major Watershed

Figure 8.24.9.b Histogram: Slope

Figure 8.24.9.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.24.9.d Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Swamp

Figure 8.24.10.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Intermittent Stream

Figure 8.24.10.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Wetland Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.24.10.c Histogram: Distance to Big Woods

Figure 8.24.10.d Histogram: Distance to Brushlands

Figure 8.24.11.a Histogram: Distance to Conifers

Figure 8.24.11.b Histogram: Distance to Hardwoods

Figure 8.24.11.c Histogram: Distance to Oak Woodland

Figure 8.24.11.d Histogram: Distance to Paper Birch

Figure 8.24.12.a Histogram: Distance to Prairie

Figure 8.24.12.b Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Area of Organic Soils

Figure 8.24.12.c Histogram: Distance to Glacial Lake Sediment

Figure 8.24.12.d Histogram: On Alluvium

Figure 8.24.13.a Histogram: On River Terraces

 

St. Croix Moraines and Outwash Plains

Figure 8.25.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.25.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.25.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.25.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.25.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_1_3

Figure 8.25.4.a Model Variables 1 - Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.25.4.b Model Variables 1 - Surface Roughness

Figure 8.25.5.a Model Variables 2 - Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.25.5.b Model Variables 2 - Distribution of Sugar Maple

Figure 8.25.6    Model for Surveyed Places - V_OSTW

Figure 8.25.7    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.25.8.a Histogram: Elevation

Figure 8.25.8.b Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.25.8.c Histogram: Surface Roughness

Figure 8.25.8.d Histogram: Distance to Nearest Confluence Between Perennial or Intermittent Streams and Large Rivers

Figure 8.25.9.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.25.9.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil, or Stream

Figure 8.25.9.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Wetland Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.25.9.d Histogram: Size of Nearest Lake

Figure 8.25.10.a Histogram: Vertical Distance to Permanent Water

Figure 8.25.10.b Histogram: Distance to Big Woods

Figure 8.25.10.c Histogram: Distance to Conifers

Figure 8.25.10.d Histogram: Distance to Hardwoods

Figure 8.25.11.a Histogram: Distance to Oak Woodland

Figure 8.25.11.b Histogram: Distance to Prairie

Figure 8.25.11.c Histogram: Distance to River Bottom Forest

Figure 8.25.11.d Histogram: Distance to Sugar Maple

Figure 8.25.12.a Histogram: Distance to Bedrock Used for Tools

Figure 8.25.12.b Histogram: Distance to Glacial Lake Sediment

Figure 8.25.12.c Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Area of Organic Soils

Figure 8.25.12.d Histogram: On River Terraces

 

St. Louis Moraines and Tamarack Lowlands

Figure 8.26.1.a Elevation, Watersheds, and Surface Hydrology

Figure 8.26.1.b Historic Vegetation

Figure 8.26.2.a Generalized Quaternary Geology

Figure 8.26.2.b Generalized Soils

Figure 8.26.3    Model for Sites Excluding Single Artifacts - T_1_3

Figure 8.26.4.a Model Variables 1 - Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.26.4.b Model Variables 1 - Vegetation Diversity

Figure 8.26.5    Model for Surveyed Places - V_2_3

Figure 8.26.6    Survey Implementation Model - Sitesurv

Figure 8.26.7.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Major Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.26.7.b Histogram: Distance to Nearest Minor Ridge or Divide

Figure 8.26.7.c Histogram: Elevation

Figure 8.26.7.d Histogram: Height Above Surroundings

Figure 8.26.8.a Histogram: Size of Major Watershed

Figure 8.26.8.b Histogram: Size of Minor Watershed

Figure 8.26.8.c Histogram: Direction to Nearest Water or Wetland (sine)

Figure 8.26.8.d Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Large Lake

Figure 8.26.9.a Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Perennial River or Stream

Figure 8.26.9.b Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Swamp

Figure 8.26.9.c Histogram: Distance to Nearest Confluence Between Perennial or Intermittent Streams and Large Rivers

Figure 8.26.9.d Histogram: Distance to Nearest Lake, Wetland, Organic Soil, or Stream

Figure 8.26.10.a Histogram: Distance to Nearest Permanent Wetland Inlet/Outlet

Figure 8.26.10.b Histogram: Size of Nearest Permanent Lake

Figure 8.26.10.c Histogram: Distance to Aspen-Birch

Figure 8.26.10.d Histogram: Distance to Big Woods

Figure 8.26.11.a Histogram: Distance to Hardwoods

Figure 8.26.11.b Histogram: Distance to Pine Barrens or Flats

Figure 8.26.11.c Histogram: Distance to Prairie

Figure 8.26.11.d Histogram: Distance to River Bottom Forest

Figure 8.26.12.a Histogram: Vegetation Diversity Within 1 km

Figure 8.26.12.b Histogram: Distance to Edge of Nearest Area of Organic Soils

Figure 8.26.12.c Histogram: Distance to Glacial Lake Sediment

 

Figure 9.1a       Map of Site Probability Zones in the T.H. 23 Area (West Half) Based on FMOD1 and the Intuitive Model

Figure 9.1b       Map of Site Probability Zones in the T.H. 23 Area (East Half) Based on FMOD1 and the Intuitive Model

Figure 9.2a       Map of Site Probability Zones in the T.H. 23 Area (West Half) Based on B2101 and the Intuitive Model

Figure 9.2b       Map of Site Probability Zones in the T.H. 23 Area (East Half) Based on B2101 and the Intuitive Model

Figure 9.3a       Trunk Highway Corridor 23 Phase 3 Site Probability Model

Figure 9.3b       Trunk Highway Corridor 23 Phase 3 Site Probability Model

 

Figure 10.1       Example of Geomorphic Map (Bettis and Hajic 1995)

 

Figure B.1        Comparison of Contours Generated From ABL in Nicollet County "Ten foot contours generated from unfiltered DEM data"   

Figure B.2        Comparison of Contours Generated From FMELEV in Nicollet County "Ten foot contours generated form DEM data filtered using FOCALMEAN"         

Figure B.3        Comparison of Contours Generated From FILT5 in Nicollet County "Ten foot contours generated from DEM data filtered using FOCALSUM"

Figure B.4        Comparison of Contours Generated from ABL in Stearns County         

Figure B.5        Comparison of Contours Generated from ELEV30 in Stearns County   

 

Figure C.1        Illustration of Mn/Model 1995 Landform Stratification Procedures

 

Figure D.1        Location of the 1995 and 1996 Mn/Model Archaeological Surveys

Figure D.2        Locations of Surveyed Parcels in Becker County

Figure D.3        Locations of Surveyed Parcels in Beltrami County

Figure D.4        Locations of Surveyed Parcels in Nicollet County

Figure D.5        Locations of Surveyed Parcels in Stearns County

Figure D.6        Locations of Surveyed Parcels in Cass County

Figure D.7        Locations of Surveyed Parcels in Wabasha County

Figure D.8        Locations of Surveyed Parcels in Wright County

 

Figure E.1.1 Minnesota River Geologic Profiles

Figure E.1.2 Upper Mississippi River Geologic Profiles

Figure E.1.3 Rainy River Geologic Profiles

Figure E.1.4 Red Lake Bog Geologic Profiles

Figure E.1.5 Red River Geologic Profiles

Figure E.1.6 Rock River Geologic Profiles

Figure E.1.7 Root River Geologic Profiles

Figure E.1.8 St. Croix River Geologic Profiles

 

Figure E.2.1 Minnesota River Geologic Cross-Sections

Figure E.2.2 Upper Mississippi River Geologic Cross-Sections

Figure E.2.3 Rainy River Geologic Cross-Sections

Figure E.2.4 Red Lake Bog Geologic Cross-Sections

Figure E.2.5 Red River Geologic Cross-Sections

Figure E.2.6 Rock River Geologic Cross-Sections

Figure E.2.7 Root River Geologic Cross-Sections

Figure E.2.8 St. Croix River Geologic Cross-Sections

 

Figure E.3.1 Minnesota River Long Section of Landform Sediment Assemblages

Figure E.3.2 Mississippi River Long Section of Landform Sediment Assemblages

Figure E.3.3 Rainy River Long Section of Landform Sediment Assemblages

Figure E.3.4 Red River Long Section of Landform Sediment Assemblages

Figure E.3.5 Rock River Long Section of Landform Sediment Assemblages

Figure E.3.6 Root River Long Section of Landform Sediment Assemblages

Figure E.3.7 St. Croix River Long Section of Landform Sediment Assemblages

 

 

 

 

The Mn/Model Final Report (Phases 1-3) is available on CD-ROM. Copies may be requested by visiting the contact page.

 

Acknowledgements

MnModel was financed with Transportation Enhancement and State Planning and Research funds from the Federal Highway Administration and a Minnesota Department of Transportation match.

 

Copyright Notice

The MnModel process and the predictive models it produced are copyrighted by the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT), 2000. They may not be used without MnDOT's consent.